Flavanol derivatives from Rhizophora stylosa and their DPPH radical scavenging activity

A new acetylated flavanol, 3,7-O-diacetyl (-)-epicatechin (3), and seven known flavanol derivatives, (-)-epicatechin (1), 3-O-acetyl (-)-epicatechin (2), 3,3 ',4 ',5,7-O-pentaacetyl (-)-epicatechin (4), (+)-afzelechin (5), (+)-catechin (6), cinchonain Ib (7), and proanthocyanidin B2 (8), were isolated from the stems and twigs of the mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa and identified. The crude extract, the different fractions and all of the purified compounds were evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Bromophenols from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata with DPPH radical scavenging activity

Three new (1-3) and three known (4-6) bromophenols were isolated and identified from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. On the basis of extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, the structures of these compounds were determined to be 7-bromo-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,3,5,6-tetraol (1), 4,7-dibromo-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,3,5,6-tetraol (2), 1,8-dibromo-5,7-dihydrodibenzo[c,e]oxepine-2,3,9,10-tetraol (3), urceolatol (4), 3-,bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaidehyde (5), and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (6). Each of the isolated compounds was evaluated for alpha,alpha-dipheny1-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and all were found to be potent, with IC50 values ranging from 6.1 to 35.8 mu M, compared to the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), with an IC50 of 83.8 mu M.

Natural Anthraquinone Derivatives from a Marine Mangrove Plant-Derived Endophytic Fungus Eurotium rubrum: Structural Elucidation and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity

There is considerable interest in the isolation of potent radical scavenging compounds from natural resources to treat diseases involving oxidative stress. In this report, four new fungal metabolites including one new bisdihydroanthracenone derivative (1, eurorubrin), two new seco-anthraquinone derivatives [3, 2-O-methyl-9-dehydroxyeurotinone and 4, 2-O-methyl4-O-(alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)-9-dehydroxyeurotinone], and one new anthraquinone glycoside [6,3-O-(alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)questin], were isolated and identified from Eurotium rubrum, an endophytic fungal strain that was isolated from the inner tissue of the stem of the marine mangrove plant Hibiscus tiliaceus. In addition, three known compounds including asperflavin (2), 2-O-methyleurotinone (5), and questin (7) were also isolated and identified. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity.

Natural bromophenols from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata (Rhodomelaceae): Structural elucidation and DPPH radical-scavenging activity

Three new natural occurring bromophenols, 3-(3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (1), (E)-4-(3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-but-3-en-2-one (2), and (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid butyl ester (3), together with one known bromophenol, 1,2-bis(3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (4), were isolated and identified from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of ID and 2D NMR and IR spectra and MS data. Each of the isolated compounds was evaluated for scavenging alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical activity and all of them exhibited significant activity with IC50 values ranging from 9.67 to 21.90 mu M, compared to the positive control, a well-known antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), with IC50 83.84 mu M. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

光合作用与环境的研究

该成果收集了近10年来我们对光合作用与环境方面研究的主要文章共57篇，概括为6个方面的内容，其中原始论文52篇，技术方法5篇。主要的新进展与特色为：a)阐 明CAM植物代谢与PEPCK的调节特殊性。鉴别菠萝和芦荟为CAM-PEPCK亚型，PEPCK是其光下C4酸的脱羧酶。首次证明PEPCK受底物和碳代谢中间产物的调控，纯化酶的负效应剂G6P、FBP、PEP及正效应剂Mn2+的作用在于改变酶蛋白的构象。b)首先指出PEPC也是活性氧攻击的靶蛋白，其失活原因在于酶蛋白氧化降解和构象改变。不同光合途径植物对光氧化的敏感性有别。光氧化条件下C3与C4植物产生.O2- 速率、耗散激发能和PSII稳定性有一定差异。脂氧合酶（LOX）抑制光合电子传递的位点在PSII氧化侧和Q和PQ上。c)指出较强的抗氧化能力（清除自由基能力）、抗UV-B能力（积累较多的UV-B吸收物质），提高叶片吸收的光能中非光化学耗散的比例，增高光合电子流向光呼吸、O2和NO2-光还原等电子传递支路的传递速率和比例是森林植物适应于自然光环境的强光的重要保护策略。d)从马尾松年轮的δ13C分析追踪了前80年来亚热带自然林区CO2浓度的上升速率（0.7~2.3μl/L/年）。对森林中不同人类活动干扰地点大气CO2、NOX和SO2浓度的现场检测和主要树种的生理、生化变化研究，证明其与人类干扰活动的形式和强度有关，为全球变化及其后效应提供了有力的证据。通过电脑调控水稻生长大棚的CO2浓度发现不同品种间对高CO2浓度适应性的显著差别，明确了适应性较强的4个品种，并从多种指标证明高CO2浓度对水稻的光氧化损伤具有缓解或防护效应。e)盐藻细胞中甘油和蛋白质受介质盐浓度调控，固定化培养提高甘油分泌量。改进和发展了利用对有机自由基DPPH. 的清除比例与数量来评价植物抗氧化性的简易可行的分光光度法。

太行花化学成分及生物活性的研究

本文对蔷薇科太行花属太行花（Taihangia rupestris Yu et Li）全株的化学成分及乙醇提取物部分的药理活性进行了研究，分离得到五个化合物并确定了结构：β一谷甾醇(I)、熊果酸(II)、2α，3β一二羟基一熊果酸(III)、没食子酸(Ⅳ)、2α，3β，23-三羟基．齐墩果-12-烯-28-酸-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯甙(V)。它们均是首次从该植物中获得。用DPPH法以BHT和迷迭香为对照测定了太行花抗氧化活性。结果显示太行花抗氧化活性优于迷迭香。利用HPLC对抗氧化活性成分没食子酸的含量进行了测定。体外抑菌实验表明太行花具有一定的体外抑菌活性，特别是对结核分枝杆菌的临床菌株表现出相当强的抑制生长活性。

Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanol Extracts of Two Kinds of Formicary

对两种不同的蚂蚁窝进行甲醇提取,并对提取物进行了急性毒性、抗自由基,酚含量、还原能力和抗菌活性的检测。二苯基三硝基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基的清除能力的检测表明:两种蚂蚁窝甲醇提取物都具有显著的自由基清除能力,并呈现出剂量依赖性,而且,在高浓度时(5~10mg·mL-1),它们的自由基清除能力甚至显著地高于二丁基羟基甲苯(butylated hydroxyl toluene,BHT)。酚的含量和还原能力分别用福林酚试剂和铁氰化钾还原反应来测定,统计分析显示两种蚂蚁窝的抗氧化能力和其酚含量、还原能力都存在着正相关。两种蚂蚁窝甲醇提取物都具有抗革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的活性,但它们却对真菌没有作用。

3种念珠藻多糖对自由基的清除作用

研究了地木耳(Nostoc commune)、葛仙米(N.sphaeroides)和发菜(N.flagelliform e)3种念珠藻多糖对自由基的清除作用。结果表明,3种念珠藻多糖对超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基具有很强的清除作用,且呈量效关系,地木耳清除超氧自由基作用最强,最高清除率达72.3%,葛仙米和发菜分别为46.7%、35.5%;发菜清除羟自由基效果最强,最高清除率达74.3%,葛仙米和地木耳清除率分别为49.0%、46.7%;3种念珠藻多糖对DPPH自由基的清除作用不显著。

人参及其有效成份水杨酸与麦芽醇对生物膜的抗氧化作用和机理的研究

红参根乙醇提取物的乙醇溶液或在一定浓度范围内能明显地抑制氢氧自由基导致的人工膜卵磷脂脂质体过氧化，作为红参中的有效成份水杨酸和麦芽醇也表现出对人工膜卵磷脂脂质本的强抗氧化作用。水杨酸乙醇溶液在室温23 ℃下防止脂质体的过氧化作用随浓度增加而增加，在37℃下存在-最适抗氧化浓度。水杨酸水溶液的抗氧化作用在室温23 ℃下也随其浓度增加而增加。麦芽醇水溶液在室温23 ℃下存在-最适抗氧化浓度。水杨酸，麦芽醇水溶液对天然膜红细胞膜也具有保护作用，它们均能明显地抑制过氧化氢导致的红细胞溶血。培养莱氏衣原体，分离提纯了莱氏衣原体膜磷脂和糖脂。用脂肪酸甲酯化方法分析莱氏衣原体膜磷脂脂质体和蛋黄卵磷脂脂质体中各种脂肪酸链含量随脂质体氧化而变化的情况，发现最短饱和脂肪酸链最易被氧化，当脂质体中加入水杨酸或麦芽醇时，最长不饱和脂肪酸链受到保护，说明在强氧化条件下生物膜脂双层中的饱和脂肪酸也可被氧化。这就对生物膜的氧化机理有了更深入的了解。在电子自旋共振实验中观察到水杨酸使DPPH（一种稳定的自由基）的自旋共振信号逐渐减弱，表明水杨酸具有猝灭自由基的作用。水杨酸与氢氧息由基的反应产物经质谱分析（EI质谱法、CI质谱法、高分辨质谱法），其结构为2，3-二羧基苯甲酸和2.5-二羧基苯甲酸麦芽醇与OH的反应产物经高压液相色谱分离制备得两个产物，其结构有待进一步分析。因此，水杨酸麦芽醇及红参乙醇提取物对生物膜表现出的抗氢氧自由基氧化作用得到解释。

高浓度CO2、O3对蒙古栎和华山松次生代谢的影响

本文以蒙古栎和华山松为对象，通过开顶箱法研究了在连续一年高浓度CO2（700 μmol•mol-1）、O3（80 nmol•mol-1）及二者复合处理条件下蒙古栎和华山松的次生代谢动态变化情况，阐明了高浓度CO2、O3对蒙古栎、华山松次生代谢的影响，为研究城市森林对全球变化的响应与反馈，城市森林适宜树种选择提供了重要理论依据。 得出的主要结果如下： 1． 高浓度CO2处理提高了蒙古栎叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）两种酶活性且于生长季末期达差异显著，对蒙古栎（过氧化物酶）POD活性无显著影响；对华山松松针中PAL、PPO两种酶活性无显著影响，于生长季末显著提高了华山松POD活性。 2． 高浓度CO2处理增加了蒙古栎叶片中总酚、单宁、类黄酮、木质素和纤维素含量，并于生长季的不同时期达到差异显著，其中木质素和纤维素在生长季初期曾显著减少；显著增加了华山松松针中单宁和纤维素含量、显著减少了总酚和类黄酮含量，对木质素无显著影响。 3． 高浓度O3处理显著提高了蒙古栎叶片PAL、PPO两种酶活性，对蒙古栎POD活性无显著影响；显著提高了华山松松针中PAL和POD（于生长季中期曾显著降低）活性，降低了PPO活性。 4． 高浓度O3处理于生长季初期显著增加了蒙古栎叶片中总酚含量，于生长季末显著减少了类黄酮含量，于生长季初期显著增加末期显著减少了单宁含量，显著增加了木质素和纤维素含量；显著减少了华山松松针中总酚、单宁和类黄酮含量，对木质素含量无显著影响，于生长季初期显著增加后期显著减少纤维素含量。 5． 复合处理于生长季末期显著降低了蒙古栎叶片PAL活性，于生长季中期显著提高了POD活性，于生长季中期显著降低了华山松松针中PPO和POD活性。 6． 复合处理显著增加了蒙古栎叶片总酚和木质素含量，先显著增加后显著减少了单宁含量，先显著减少后显著增加了纤维素含量；先显著减少后显著增加了华山松松针中总酚、单宁和木质素含量，先显著增加后显著减少了纤维素含量，显著减少了类黄酮含量。 7． 使用DPPH法对蒙古栎叶片醇提物进行了总抗氧化能力的测定，结果表明高浓度CO2和O3及其复合处理均显著提高了蒙古栎总的抗氧化能力，但是不同处理分别于生长季的不同阶段达到差异显著水平。

高浓度臭氧对蒙古栎叶片酚类物质含量和总抗氧化能力的影响

采用开顶箱(OTC)法,研究了高浓度臭氧(80±8nmol·mol-1)熏蒸处理对蒙古栎叶片中总酚、类黄酮、单宁及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,使用1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)法测定了蒙古栎叶片的总抗氧化能力.结果表明:蒙古栎叶片中总酚、类黄酮、缩合单宁和MDA的含量都有所增加,其中总酚和缩合单宁含量分别增加了48.17%和26.77%,差异显著(P<0.05);类黄酮和MDA含量分别增加了24.66%和5.26%,差异不显著(P>0.05);蒙古栎叶片总抗氧化能力显著增强(P<0.05),且与叶片中总酚和缩合单宁含量呈显著的正相关关系.

山杏种皮黑色素的抗氧化活性

对山杏种皮黑色素的抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明:山杏种皮黑色素可以显著抑制β-胡萝卜素的氧化褪色,其清除自由基活性具有量效性,清除羟自由基能力与2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)无显著差异而高于抗坏血酸(VC),清除超氧阴离子能力超过BHT和VC。山杏种皮黑色素既可以作为氢供体,清除DPPH自由基,但清除能力低于BHT和VC,也可作为电子供体,其还原能力高于BHT和VC。

Effects of ultrahigh pressure extraction conditions on yields and antioxidant activity of ginsenoside from ginseng

Ultrahigh pressure technique was employed to extract ginsenosides from roots of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The optimal conditions for ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) of total ginsenosides were quantified by UV-vis spectrophotometry with the ginsenoside Re as standard, the signal ginsenosides were quantified by HPLC and ELSD with ginsenosides Re, Rg(1), Rb-1, Rc and Rb-2 as standards. Orthogonal design was applied to evaluate the effects of four independent factors (extraction pressure, extraction temperature, extraction time and ethanol concentration) on the yield and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of ginsenoside, which are based on microwave extraction (ME), ultrasound extraction (UE), soxhlet extraction (SE) and heat reflux extraction (HRE) method. The results showed that UPE method can produce ginsenoside with the highest yield and the best radical scavenging activity compared to other used ones. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the plant cells after ultrahigh pressure treatment was obtained to provide visual evidence of the disruption effect.